Factors that affect enzyme activity

Since the active site for all mites of one enzyme forget be make up of the same arrangement of amino acids, It has a highly specific bring to pass. Generally, there is only one active site on each enzyme molecule and only one type of subst sum up molecule will fit into it. This specificity leads to the lock and key hypothesis, Source 1 http/twwa. s-cool. co. uk/a-level/blology/ biological-molecules-and-enzymes/revise-it/enzymes Source 2 http//cllck4blology. lnfo/c4b?/chem3. 6. htmone a) turgid globular protein enzyme b) Active Site where the substratum combines to the enzyme ) Subst target which fits the active site d) Activated complex.The substrate is weakened to allow the reaction. e) Unchanged enzyme/ re-used at low preoccupation f) Product of the reaction In my investigation, I will be using the enzyme catalase, which is found in most living organisms. It catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide Into irrigate and oxygen. 2H202 + catalase 2820 + 02 Catalase dramat ically reduces the activation energy needed for the reaction. Without catalase the decomposition would take much interminable, and would not be fast enough to sustain gentlemans gentleman life.Hydrogen peroxide is to a fault a dangerous, very potent by-product of metabolism, so it is essential that it is broken down quickly, otherwise it would cause damage to cells. The activity of an enzyme is affected by its environmental conditions. Changing these will alter the rate of reaction caused by the enzyme. In nature, organisms adjust the conditions of their enzymes to produce an optimum rate of reaction, where necessary, or they may have enzymes which argon adapted to function well In extreme conditions where they live.Enzyme Concentration at low enzyme concentration there is great competition for he active sites and the rate of reaction is low. As the enzyme concentration increases, there are more active sites and the reaction can proceed at a faster rate, for more enzymes will be c olliding with substrate molecules. Eventually, increasing tne enzyme concentratlon Deyona a certain polnt nas no erect Decause tne suDstrate concentration becomes the limiting factor.Inquiring upon this factor, it is obvious to anticipate increasing enzyme concentration will overly increase rate of reaction based upon contextual knowledge and after casting a certain amount of enzyme oncentration, it will no longer be the limiting factor. If I experiment on this factor, I would perceive my data to resemble the graph to a lower place, as it exemplifies how increasing enzyme concentration increases rate of reaction(shown through melody climbing) until it becomes the limiting factor and the rate of reaction does not increase(shown through line not climbing).Source 3 http//alevelnotes. com/Factors- affecting-Enzyme-Activity/146 Substrate Concentration uniform to the enzyme concentration, at low concentrations of substrate there is a low rate of reaction. This is because there are fe w substrate molecules to react with active sites and therefore limiting the number of reactions happening. Henceforth, increasing the substrate concentration will increase the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules will be colliding with enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed.However, after a certain concentration, any increase will have no effect on the rate of reaction, since Substrate Concentration will no longer be the limiting factor. The enzymes will effectively become saturated, and will be working at their maximum possible rate. If I was to investigate this factor, I would predict the rate of reaction will increase as substrate concentration increases, until a certain concentration is added when the substrate molecules are in excess resulting in enzyme saturation.The graph (below) demonstrates my prediction. Source 3 http//alevelnotes. com/Factors-affecting-Enzyme-Activity/146 enzyme and substrate Simple image portraying proposed image for conce ntration (discussed in according factors). Mentioned as picture of proposed investigation below Temperature All enzymes ave best temperatures, the temperature at which an enzyme produces the highest reaction rate for a specific reaction. The majority of enzymes in the human body works best at 37 Celsius degrees.This is because 37 degrees Celsius is the bodys indispensable temperature and enzymes such as catalase, have been adapted to work best at that certain temperature. Below the optimum temperature, substrates have little kinetic energy and few enter the active site to be catalyzed. However, as temperature increases towards the optimum, the substrates and enzymes gain more inetic energy and collide more often leading to a chemical reaction. When the temperature goes preceding(prenominal) the optimum, the bonds holding enzymes together also gain kinetic energy, increasing the speed at which they vibrate.This leads to the bonds breaking within the enzyme, making it change shape . This change in shape means that the active site is less complementary to the shape of the substrate, so that it is less likely to catalyse the reaction. Eventually, the enzyme will Decome modifyd ana will no longer Tunctlon. I nen as temperature Increases more nzymes molecules active sites will become less complementary for the substrate molecules and then more enzymes will be denatured.This will abate the rate of reaction. If I examined this factor, I would predict that the rate of reaction will peak at 37 degrees Celsius, as that is the optimum temperature of catalase. Also, as stated in the latter paragraph, increasing or decreasing the temperature from its optimum will lower the rate of reaction. Therefore, I should expect the data I collected to be similar of the graph below. Source 4 http//www. rsc. rg/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/ enzymes. tm PH pH measures the acidity and basicity ofa solution. It is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration, and therefore a g ood indicator of the hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration. It ranges from PHI to pH14. Lower pH values mean higher H + concentrations and lower OH- concentrations. Unlike the same optimal temperature for all enzymes that dwell in the human body (370c) the optimum pH varies for the enzymes. For example, the enzyme pepsin has an optimum pH of 2. 0 whereas catalase has an optimum of 7. 6.Enzymes in different locations have different Optimum pH values since their environmental conditions may be different. In this instance, pepsin operates most competently at pH 2 because it is commonly found in the stomach, where pH is low due to the nominal head of hydrochloric acid. Enzymes work in small ranges of pH values, so any change above or below the optimum will cause a jerky decrease in rate of reaction, since more of the enzyme molecules will have active sites whose shapes are not (or at least are less) complementary to the shape of their substrate.Small changes below or above the optimum, d oes not cause a permanent change to the enzymes since the bonds can be reformed. However, extreme changes in pH can cause enzymes to denature and permanently loose their function. When the pH is changed from the optimal of the certain enzyme, the H+ and OH- interfere with hydrogen and ionic bonds that hold together an enzyme, since they will be attracted or repelled by the charges created by the bonds. This interference causes a change in the shape of the enzyme and most importantly, the active site.